Demokratiebildungspotentiale beim FC United of Manchester - Ergebnisse einer explorativen Studie zur hauptamtlichen Jugendarbeit in einem "Community Owned Sports Club"

Die aktuelle politische Spaltung der Gesellschaft hebt die Notwendigkeit von Demokratiebildung hervor und es wird vermehrt nach ihrer Verortung gefragt. In verschiedenen Beiträgen wird immer wieder die zentrale Stellung von Sportvereinen als "Schulen der Demokratie" betont. Allerdings steht insbesondere der Fußball unter starkem kommerziellen Druck und die Vereine können ihre demokratischen Potentiale nicht aus-schöpfen. Die britischen "Community Owned Sports Clubs" sind ein nicht-kommerzielles Alternativmodell, der "FC United of Manchester" ist das bekannteste Beispiel. Unter der Berücksichtigung der Idee von Demokratie als Lebensform und der Annahme, dass Demokratie nur im demokratischen Handeln gelernt werden kann, stellt der vorliegende Artikel aus sozialpädagogischer Sichtweise dar, inwieweit dieser Verein über Potentiale zur Demokratiebildung in seiner Jugendarbeit verfügt und wo seine Grenzen liegen. Dazu werden nach der Erschließung des allgemeinen Forschungsstandes die Erkenntnisse einer explorativen Studie beim Verein aus Manchester vorgestellt und es wird verdeutlicht, wie in diesem Feld vertieft geforscht werden könnte.The current situation supports the view of a divide in society. This raises the question of where and how democratic citizenship education can succeed. The preliminary assumption in the question posed is that democracy must be actively learned by doing. This can and should be achieved by means of implementation of fundamental democratic practices in associations and communities. The central position of sports clubs as "schools of democracy" is repeatedly stressed in various articles. However, sports and football in particular are under enormous commercial pressure and cannot use their democratic potential. The British model of "Community Owned Sports Clubs" is a non-commercial counter-trial. The focus is on "FC United of Manchester" as the best known of these clubs. From a social pedagogical point of view, this article presents the potentials and limits of this association for democratic citizenship education. After the general state of re-search the findings of an explorative study on the Manchester based club will be presented and it will be suggested how further research could be done in this field

Optimal system design for energy communities in multi-family buildings : the case of the German Tenant Electricity Law

Funding Information: The second author (MK) appreciates the support of the Helmholtz Association under the Joint Initiative Energy Systems Integration (funding reference: ZT-0002 ). The fourth author (FS) kindly acknowledges the financial support of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 713683 (COFUNDfellowsDTU). The fifth author (RM) gratefully acknowledges the support of the European Commission’s DG ENER for project ENER/C3/2019-487 . Finally, the authors are grateful for the helpful comments of two anonymous reviewers during earlier revisions of this manuscript. The usual disclaimer applies. Funding Information: The second author (MK) appreciates the support of the Helmholtz Association under the Joint Initiative Energy Systems Integration (funding reference: ZT-0002). The fourth author (FS) kindly acknowledges the financial support of the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 713683 (COFUNDfellowsDTU). The fifth author (RM) gratefully acknowledges the support of the European Commission's DG ENER for project ENER/C3/2019-487. Finally, the authors are grateful for the helpful comments of two anonymous reviewers during earlier revisions of this manuscript. The usual disclaimer applies. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Elsevier LtdPeer reviewedPostprin

Enantioselektive Synthese von (1S,4R)-4-Hydroxycyclopent-2-enyl-acetat durch enzym-katalysierte Veresterung von cis-Cyclopent-2-en-1,4-diol mit Acetanhydrid. Gaschromatographische Untersuchungen zum Reaktionsmechanismus

(1S,4R)-4-Hydroxycyclopent-2-enyl-acetate (1), an attractive starting material for the synthesis of prostaglandins, was readily prepared by an enzyme-catalyzed interesterification procedure using acetic anhydride as acylation agent. As the chemical yield of the chiral monoacylation product is rather low (45%), we investigated the acylation mechanism of this reaction to optimize the product output. Kinetic measurements were carried out by means of gas chromatography on a chiral stationary phase, synthesized by methylation of β-cyclodextrin

LagrangeBench: A Lagrangian Fluid Mechanics Benchmarking Suite

Machine learning has been successfully applied to grid-based PDE modeling in various scientific applications. However, learned PDE solvers based on Lagrangian particle discretizations, which are the preferred approach to problems with free surfaces or complex physics, remain largely unexplored. We present LagrangeBench, the first benchmarking suite for Lagrangian particle problems, focusing on temporal coarse-graining. In particular, our contribution is: (a) seven new fluid mechanics datasets (four in 2D and three in 3D) generated with the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method including the Taylor-Green vortex, lid-driven cavity, reverse Poiseuille flow, and dam break, each of which includes different physics like solid wall interactions or free surface, (b) efficient JAX-based API with various recent training strategies and three neighbor search routines, and (c) JAX implementation of established Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) like GNS and SEGNN with baseline results. Finally, to measure the performance of learned surrogates we go beyond established position errors and introduce physical metrics like kinetic energy MSE and Sinkhorn distance for the particle distribution. Our codebase is available at https://github.com/tumaer/lagrangebench .Comment: Accepted at 37th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2023) Track on Datasets and Benchmark

Nanoscale X-ray investigation of magnetic metallofullerene peapods

Endohedral lanthanide ions packed inside carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a one-dimensional assembly have been studied with a combination of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). By correlating HRTEM and STXM images we show that structures down to 30 nm are resolved with chemical contrast and record X-ray absorption spectra from endohedral lanthanide ions embedded in individual nanoscale CNT bundles. XMCD measurements of an Er$_3$N@C$_{80}$ bulk sample and a macroscopic assembly of filled CNTs indicates that the magnetic properties of the endohedral Er3+ ions are unchanged when encapsulated in CNTs. This study demonstrates the feasibility of local magnetic X-ray characterization of low concentrations of lanthanide ions embedded in molecular nanostructures

Anisotropic Strain Induced Soliton Movement Changes Stacking Order and Bandstructure of Graphene Multilayers

The crystal structure of solid-state matter greatly affects its electronic properties. For example in multilayer graphene, precise knowledge of the lateral layer arrangement is crucial, since the most stable configurations, Bernal and rhombohedral stacking, exhibit very different electronic properties. Nevertheless, both stacking orders can coexist within one flake, separated by a strain soliton that can host topologically protected states. Clearly, accessing the transport properties of the two stackings and the soliton is of high interest. However, the stacking orders can transform into one another and therefore, the seemingly trivial question how reliable electrical contact can be made to either stacking order can a priori not be answered easily. Here, we show that manufacturing metal contacts to multilayer graphene can move solitons by several $\mu$m, unidirectionally enlarging Bernal domains due to arising mechanical strain. Furthermore, we also find that during dry transfer of multilayer graphene onto hexagonal Boron Nitride, such a transformation can happen. Using density functional theory modeling, we corroborate that anisotropic deformations of the multilayer graphene lattice decrease the rhombohedral stacking stability. Finally, we have devised systematics to avoid soliton movement, and how to reliably realize contacts to both stacking configurations

The Spartan 1 mission

The first Spartan mission is documented. The Spartan program, an outgrowth of a joint Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) development effort, was instituted by NASA for launching autonomous, recoverable payloads from the space shuttle. These payloads have a precise pointing system and are intended to support a wide range of space-science observations and experiments. The first Spartan, carrying an NRL X-ray astronomy instrument, was launched by the orbiter Discovery (STS51G) on June 20, 1985 and recovered successfully 45 h later, on June 22. During this period, Spartan 1 conducted a preprogrammed series of observations of two X-ray sources: the Perseus cluster of galaxies and the center of our galaxy. The mission was successful from both on engineering and a scientific viewpoint. Only one problem was encountered, the attitude control system (ACS) shut down earlier than planned because of high attitude control system gas consumption. A preplanned emergency mode then placed Spartan 1 into a stable, safe condition and allowed a safe recovery. The events are described of the mission and presents X-ray maps of the two observed sources, which were produced from the flight data

Can we measure the accretion efficiency of Active Galactic Nuclei?

The accretion efficiency for individual black holes is very difficult to determine accurately. There are many factors that can influence each step of the calculation, such as the dust and host galaxy contribution to the observed luminosity, the black hole mass and more importantly, the uncertainties on the bolometric luminosity measurement. Ideally, we would measure the AGN emission at every wavelength, remove the host galaxy and dust, reconstruct the AGN spectral energy distribution and integrate to determine the intrinsic emission and the accretion rate. In reality, this is not possible due to observational limitations and our own galaxy line of sight obscuration. We have then to infer the bolometric luminosity from spectral measurements made in discontinuous wavebands and at different epochs. In this paper we tackle this issue by exploring different methods to determine the bolometric luminosity. We first explore the trend of accretion efficiency with black hole mass (efficiency proportional to M^{\sim 0.5}) found in recent work by Davis & Laor and discuss why this is most likely an artefact of the parameter space covered by their PG quasar sample. We then target small samples of AGN at different redshifts, luminosities and black hole masses to investigate the possible methods to calculate the accretion efficiency. For these sources we are able to determine the mass accretion rate and, with some assumptions, the accretion efficiency distributions. Even though we select the sources for which we are able to determine the parameters more accurately, there are still factors affecting the measurements that are hard to constrain. We suggest methods to overcome these problems based on contemporaneous multi-wavelength data measurements and specifically targeted observations for AGN in different black hole mass ranges.Comment: 16 pages, 20 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA